Choosing Infant and Toddler Child Care

Options for Infant and Toddler Child Care

Family Child Care – these programs operate in the caregiver’s own home and are regulated by the state. Popular with many parents, family child care can be less expensive then other forms of care. Some family child care providers include your child as part of their extended family; others have programs that are more structured like a “mini” preschool, which just happens to be in a home setting. There are no educational requirements for obtaining a family child care license.

However, all licensed providers are required to take a 15-hour child care health and safety course which includes CPR and first aid, as well as other state requirements and background checks. As part of the check, everyone 18 and older who lives in the home is fingerprinted for referencing in a criminal and child abuse index.

Family child care programs come in a variety of sizes and age configurations. What follows is a brief review of the number of children allowed in family child care homes. (That number includes a provider’s own children under ten years of age when they are on the premises. For more details, see our Handout “How Many Children Can Be Cared For in Licensed Family Child Care Homes?”)

• A “small” family child care provider is licensed to care for six children; this is the most common type of care. Of these children, only three can be under two years of age.

• A small family child care provider can take care of two additional schoolage children, increasing her group size to eight. But doing so requires lowering the number of infants (under age two) from three to two. The provider must notify all parents (present and prospective) in writing of this change and keep on file statements from parents that they have been notified. If renting, she must also get written permission from her landlord.

• A “large” family child care provider is licensed to care for 12 children. Any time there are more than six children present, an assistant is required. Of these 12 children, four can be under two years of age.

• A large family child care provider can take two additional schoolage children, which lowers the number of infants from four to three. If she cares for two schoolage children and only two infants, an assistant is not required until there are more than eight children in care. In these situations, a large family child care provider, like the small provider, must notify all parents in writing and obtain her landlord’s permission.

• A family child care provider who cares only for children under two years of age is licensed for four children. This type of care is not very common.

• A family child care provider who cares for children from just one family is not required to have a license. This might be a mother who wants companionship for her own young child or someone who just wants to care for one or two children. The group size with this type of care is determined by the number of children the family has. As soon as the provider decides to care for children from another family at the same time, s/he must get a family child care license.

Child Care Centers – these programs are licensed by the state to operate in facilities that no one lives in. Centers usually accept children after they are toilettrained but there are a growing number of centers which care for infants and/or toddlers. These centers frequently have long waiting lists. The licensing regulations require that infant centers have one child care worker for every four children under the age of two. The director and head teachers are required to have at least 12 units of early childhood education and there must always be someone on site who has 15 hours of health and safety training. All workers must be fingerprinted for the background check. Infant centers tend to be more expensive than family child care homes.

State Licensing Regulations:

Both family child care and child care centers are licensed by the State of California’s Department of Social Services. This is a health and safety check of the facility and does not insure the quality of care. The licensing office is the appropriate channel for complaints: call 622-2602 to make a complaint. BANANAS welcomes information – good and bad – from all parents and we hope you will call us with your concerns. However, we have no authority to monitor, investigate or revoke licenses. To check for past complaints or reports on periodic licensing inspections, call 622-2614. Parents can also make an appointment to visit the licensing office at 1515 Clay Street, Suite 1102, Oakland, 94612, to file a complaint or to check a program’s licensing history.

In-home Caregivers (commonly also referred to as “babysitters”) – in-home caregivers come into your home to care for your child. In-home care is the most expensive form of care. (Live-in caregivers or nannies and au-pairs are also available and generally work for room and board plus a salary.) Some caregivers speak fluent English; others are learning. Many are excellent caregivers. If you are planning to use this type of care, include as many inhome providers as possible in your initial interviews. See BANANAS Handouts, “Employing A Limited English Speaking Caregiver” for further information.

To help screen potential caregivers, parents can ask whether the provider is registered with TRUSTLINE, a statewide program which provides criminal background checks for in-home caregivers. Call (800) 822-8490 to find out if a provider is listed. TRUSTLINE charges $130 to screen providers for criminal convictions or any history of substantiated abuse. If a potential provider is not yet listed, parents can offer to cover the cost. See our other Handouts with tips on using in-home care:

• Where and How to Look for a Caregiver to Work in Your Own Home
• Financial Facts About Caregivers Who Work In Your Home
• Rights and Responsibilities of an In-Home Caregiver Employer and
• Sample Agreement for Parents and In-Home Caregivers.

Shared Caregiver Arrangements (commonly called “shares”) – two or more families jointly hire a caregiver to work in their homes. Share arrangements are more expensive than family child care, but usually less expensive than if one family hires an in-home caregiver. For more information, see our booklet “Shares.” It’s for sale at our office or by mail for $3.

In-home caregivers and shared caregiver arrangements are controlled by the participating parents. There is no license for either type of care. The responsibility for screening, calling references and selecting a caregiver rests with the parent-employer. In-home caregivers listed in BANANAS’ files come to a group orientation about how our files work and supply us with the names and addresses of two parents whose children they have cared for. We send a reference form to those parents and only add the in-home caregiver to our files once two satisfactory references are returned. We consider this a minimal screening process and urge parents to ask for and call the references of any in-home caregiver they consider hiring. BANANAS welcomes information from parents on any in-home caregivers in our referral files.

Child Care Subsidies

State and federal monies are available for families who need help paying for child care. The State Department of Education funds a few “subsidized” infant child care centers in our area. There are also subsidized alternative payment programs which don’t provide the care, but pay for the care a family chooses. Families must qualify for a child care subsidy based on income. Parents enrolled in these programs pay for child care on a sliding scale. The waiting lists for subsidized care can be long. Plan far ahead (keep in mind that we can only put you on the waiting list after your baby is born). Our “Subsidized Child Care In Northern Alameda County” Handout lists all the subsidized options in our area. If you think you are eligible, call the programs close to you to get on their waiting lists. You can also search for subsidized child care programs on the BANANAS website.

Finding Quality Care

Once you’ve decided which child care options best meet your family’s needs, you are ready to start interviewing providers and visiting actual programs. Begin your search as early as possible, giving yourself plenty of time to screen, interview and reach a final decision. Your first stop should be BANANAS: visit our website to download the Handouts mentioned above, order them by mail or pick them up at our office. Next, visit our office or call our referral line, 658-0381, to find out about the types of care available in your desired area. Our files list family child care providers, centers, as well as parents seeking shares and in-home caregivers offering their services to parents. You can also post your in-home caregiver or share job for the many people who come to BANANAS in search of child care work. (Carefully screen applicants who respond to your job notice.)

If you’re considering family child care or center-based care, ask the BANANAS staff for referrals and the following Handouts: “Choosing Family Child Care,” “A Closer Look at Large Family Child Care Homes,” and “Choosing A Child Care Center.” Call providers or centers and ask some basic questions, such as whether there are openings, how many children are cared for and hours and fees. You can then make appointments to visit the programs that sound best to you.

Keep in mind that center staff and family child care providers are often too busy to talk for very long over the telephone. Also, remember that it is natural for programs to want to impress you with their services when you call. A visit is really the only way to make a child care decision. After you visit by yourself, bring your child for a visit as well. You will gain important information about how well your child will fit into the program and how the caregiver/s will interact with him or her.

Since infants and toddlers cannot actually tell you about their day, it is very important that you look at the child care carefully. If at all possible, spend at least a morning or afternoon observing. Try to be there at times when parents are dropping off or picking up their children and also when no other parents are around.

Once you narrow your choices, speak with the provider or center director when no children are in care, so s/he can concentrate and answer your specific questions. When choosing a program, remember that all children need warmth, love, appropriate activities for their age and a secure emotional environment. You’ll know you’ve found the right setting for your child if you respect the caregiver/s and feel confident that your child will feel safe and loved.

Listed here, in areas of interest and concern, are questions which may help you in assessing the child care programs you visit. The questions are written with parents seeking family child care or center-based care in mind, but many of them are appropriate, with some variations, for parents who want to use inhome caregivers or shares.

You And The Caregivers As A Team

• Do you, as a parent, feel welcomed and respected by the child care staff or the family child care provider?
• Is the caregiver interested in your child?
• Is the caregiver willing to take the time to write notes or tell you about your child day by day?
• Do you get the impression that you and child care staff or the provider will be able to discuss and resolve differences of opinion?

Nurturing

• How many different people will care for your child during the course of the day (or week)? Have you met all of them?
• Do caregivers seem to be enjoying themselves or do they act like the work is drudgery?
• How many children are in the group? Do the children get individualized attention when they need it?
• How many children are under the care of one adult? Is the program meeting the adult-to-child ratios required by its license?
• If the family child care provider or child care center also care for schoolage children, how do children get to and from school? Are there car seats or seat belts for all the children? If younger children are in the care of an assistant, is that assistant fingerprinted?
• How does the caregiver respond to the children’s needs when they are tired, hungry, overstimulated, etc.?

Daily Living

• Is there a regular routine to the day for the children?

• Do the caregivers take time to talk with children during diapering, feeding, etc.? Are the caregiving tasks used as an opportunity to learn? (Infants and toddlers don’t learn through “formal” lessons, they learn from everyday activities – eating, playing, having diapers or clothes changed, being put to sleep....)

• How busy and noisy is it? Is there quiet, private space? (Many children sharing one space can make it chaotic, even when there are plenty of adults.) • Does eating time seem social and pleasant? Are you satisfied with the quality and variety of the menu? Are children allowed to choose what and how much to eat?

• How are the children put down to nap? Does nap time seem cozy and peaceful? Particularly for infants: are nap times determined by the child’s needs as opposed to some fixed schedule?

• Are the diaper changing and food preparation areas separated and are they kept clean and safe? Do caregivers wash their hands after every diaper change and before preparing food? (The health of children and child care staff depends on the cleanliness of these areas and regular hand washing habits.)

• Is there a special place for your child’s possessions? What are the rules about what a child can and can’t bring to child care?

Play

• Is there a safe and attractive space for infants and toddlers? (The world looks very different from a small child’s point of view. Even though it might make you feel ridiculous, try sitting on the floor and taking a look around you.)

• Are infants and toddlers outside regularly? (Contrary to common opinion, most colds are caught from other children in dry, overheated rooms with poor ventilation; being outside is not the culprit.)

• Can infants move around to the limit of their abilities, or are they kept confined in cribs, infant seats, etc. for most of the day? (Infants learn by moving, touching and trying.)

• If there is a mixed-age group, what happens with the infants and toddlers when older children are around?

• Are the infants and toddlers given a chance to play with each other? Are they given a chance to try and solve their own problems when they can? Is the caregiver watching and ready to intervene when the children need help?

Arrangements

• Who provides the diapers, food, bedding, extra clothes, etc.? Does the provider require that a clean change of clothes be on hand at all times? (Many do.)

• What happens when your child is ill? (Remember, you can expect 8-10 colds per year whether your infant is in child care or not.)

• What happens when caregivers are ill?

• What are the arrangements for paying fees, paying for vacations, holidays, etc....? Does the center of family child care program close for vacation and if so, when?

• Does the program have plans for handling emergencies like fires or earthquakes? (This is required as a part of the licensing process. Ask for a copy of the program’s disaster plan to take home and read.)

• Is there a written contract or agreement? It’s best to have one. (Be sure, at a minimum, to obtain the Employer Identification Number or Social Security number of the caregiver you select so you can take the state and/or federal child care tax credits.)

Other Issues

The search for quality child care is complex – especially when the care is for an infant or toddler. Explore your concerns further at one of our monthly Choosing Infant Care workshops; see our Newsletter, our website, or call us for upcoming dates. BANANAS has a companion Handout, “Child Care Issues For New & Expectant Parents,” which looks at the “feeling” side of this issue.

We offer many other free Handouts on little ones:

• Living with Ones & Twos
• Separating From Infants and Toddlers to help you deal with being the parent of an under-three year old;
• Breastfeeding & Working to assist you in planning a schedule which will work; and
• Baby Briefs to give you a developmental look at the first two years.
• What Babies Need in Child Care and the companion
• What Toddlers Need in Child Care examine the developmental needs of children and help parents decide what kind of setting would best suit their child.

BANANAS Handouts are available at our office, by mail or from our website, www.bananasinc.org. Last not least, we also have more than a dozen videos on choosing child care in our video lending library. Call or visit our website for more information.

And The Search Goes On ...

Feel free to call BANANAS for more referrals if you are unsatisfied with what you are finding. Take a deep breath, talk to other parents who have been through this search and/or drop by our office for additional advice or support. Don’t give up – you can find good child care, and quality care has been shown to add to the growth and development of your child.

BANANAS Child Care Information & Referral • 5232 Claremont Ave., Oakland, CA 94618 • 658-7353 • www.bananasinc.org

©1984, BANANAS, Inc. Oakland, CA. Revised 2004.