Facing the Challenge of Learning Disabilities

How does one account for this dramatic increase in the number of learning disabled children? The IRA states that the definition of learning disabled has come to mean "a lack of progress in core academic subjects," and that "...millions of children are intentionally being labeled as 'learning disabled' in an attempt to gain some support for extra services" (p. 2)².

The IRA goes further to identify Reading Recovery as a program that not only teaches children how to read but reduces the number of students who are labeled "learning disabled" and the number of students who are placed in remedial reading programs.

The view that Reading Recovery can reduce the number of children labeled as learning disabled is not a new one. Clay (1987) noted that:

Reading Recovery should clear out of the remedial education system those who don't learn to read for many event-produced reasons and those with "organically caused problems" but who can be taught to read and write independently despite this, leaving a small group of children still requiring specialist attention (p. 169)³.

Several studies have documented that Reading Recovery does in fact reduce the numbers of students referred for more specialized attention. Lyons (1994)⁴ reports that in Ohio the number of Reading Recovery program students (those who received a minimum of 60 lessons or whose programs were discontinued prior to receiving 60 lessons) referred for learning disabilities screening dropped from 1.26 percent to just 0.51 percent over the period 1988-1993.

Additional evidence that Reading Recovery has an impact on the learning disabled population comes from a national study conducted by Schmidt (reported in Lyons, 1994). This study examined the rate of referring first graders (not only Reading Recovery students) to learning disabilities services prior to and after one to two years of each district's implementing Reading Recovery. The results of this national study show that even though Reading Recovery children typically made up just 10 to 15 percent of the first grade population, the rate of referring first graders for learning disabilities services decreased from 2.3 percent prior to the program's implementation to 1.3 percent one to two years after implementation.

The Massachusetts legislature reached a similar conclusion after conducting a seven month study of research related to Reading Recovery. Their study confirmed the success of the Reading Recovery program, its ability to impact retention, its cost effectiveness, and its ability to defer children from special education services (Moriarty, 1996)⁵.

Research supports the view that Reading Recovery reduces the number of first grade students referred for learning disabilities services, but how can this reduction be explained? The IRA report, Learning Disabilities - A Barrier to Literacy Instruction (1995), singles out Reading Recovery's staff development approach of ongoing, intensive training, as being integral to the program's ability to impact the number of learning disabled students. This intensive training means that Reading Recovery teachers are well-equipped "to be more discriminating when classifying students who need more support" (p. 11)⁶.

In addition, the program provides an opportunity for teachers to separate first grade students who may be low-achieving from those with more severe learning problems (Lyons, 1994)⁷. This smaller number of students then can be considered for more specialized help. 

1. Learning disabilities - A barrier to literacy instruction (1995). Washington, DC: International Reading Association.
2. Learning disabilities - A barrier to literacy instruction (1995). Washington, DC: International Reading Association.
3. Clay, M. M. (1979a, 1985). The early detection of reading difficulties. (2nd Ed. & 3rd. Ed.) Auckland, New Zealand: Heinemann.
4. Lyons, C. A. (1994). Reading Recovery and learning disability: Issues, challenges, and implications. Literacy, Teaching, and Learning, I(1), 109-119
5. Moriarty, D.J. (1996). A new national alliance: Special education and Reading Recovery. Literacy, Teaching and Learning, 2(2), 42-48.
6. Learning disabilities - A barrier to literacy instruction (1995). Washington, DC: International Reading Association.
7. Lyons, C. A. (1994). Reading Recovery and learning disability: Issues, challenges, and implications. Literacy, Teaching, and Learning, I(1), 109-119

Source: Reading Recovery Executive Summary, 1999