Introducing Your Child to the Arts: Words to Stories

Engaging Children in Reading and Writing

With a little support, children can move from the crude play of early childhood to a full engagement with writing. From your children’s earliest days, you should read them stories, demonstrate that reading and writing are meaningful aspects of your own life, and encourage your children to explore the wonders of the written word.

Telling a story can take a variety of forms. Preschoolers and kindergartners can be active in the process. They love to create storylines and develop characters or ideas. Stories take on new meaning when children dictate their tales to older siblings, teachers, and parents. Seeing their words in print has a powerful impact. An active approach to story writing also provides the opportunity to add illustrations, another form of early representation.

Children learn the nuances of narrative simply by listening to stories. Before children learn actual words, they grasp the tone and intonation proper to different stories and imitate that speech pattern in babbling or nonsense syllables. Preschoolers acquire a sense of story sequence, recognizing the importance of beginning a tale with the familiar words of “once upon a time” and bringing closure to a narrative with the words “the end.”

Reading and listening to stories make writing easier. Children develop a natural understanding of how sentences, ideas, and narratives work, and have an easier time later when these elements are taught to them in school. Reading also can make your child more eager to write. Just as young sports fans long to play the games they watch, children who love reading want to create their own stories and poems.

Young Children As Readers

A strong foundation for writing begins with an interest in books and a love of reading. Here are a few ways to include reading in your child’s life:

• Read aloud to your child, even to infants and toddlers. As you read aloud, children get not only a good story, but also a chance to be close to you. Continue to read to your children even after they have developed independent skills. You can read more advanced books than your child is capable of reading, or enjoy old favorites together. Build a reading time into your daily routine so that it is a natural part of everyday life. Play with words through rhyming or alliteration. Read examples from children’s books and then let your child make up rhyming words or think of sentences in which each word begins with the same sound. Children enjoy Dr. Seuss’s unique style of storytelling with silly, made-up words with lots of rhyme and rhythm.
• Visit the library with your child. Take advantage of programs offered by the library and local bookstores where your child can enjoy stories read by seasoned storytellers or meet an author or illustrator of a favorite book.
• Give books and subscriptions to children’s magazines as gifts. The most successful book gifts are those that reflect a child’s personal interests. If your child loves nature and animals, then books on those subjects or a subscription to a nature magazine may be a perfect choice.
• Engage your child in the reading process by asking questions about ideas in the book. Young children often surprise adults by recounting a favorite story ord for word or correcting the reader when a word in the text is skipped. Allowing your child to “read along” with a familiar text gives him or her a sense of confidence and excitement about being a reader.
• Acknowledge print in the environment. Engage your child in conversation about signs and symbols that you encounter in
  everyday life. Respond to your child’s curiosity about what signs say and what words mean. This simple task helps young children realize the importance of the written word and also builds a framework for reading and writing.

Young Children as Writers

Children are eager to imitate those around them. They learn about the world and make sense of it by mirroring the actions of others. Writing is something that is a natural part of the child’s environment and typically approached by children with curiosity. For some, exploring writing will be a natural outgrowth of that curiosity. Others may need encouragement.

Nurture your child’s interest in writing by providing appropriate writing materials. Make sure that your child has access to the tools of the trade: paper, pencils, and pens. As their skills develop, computers or typewriters become increasingly useful. It is also helpful to designate a special place for writing that has adequate space and is comfortable and quiet. You can make writing special by allowing your child to use your desk, your typewriter or computer, or just your favorite pen.

It’s essential that children learn that it takes time to develop ideas and compose sentences. Let them enjoy the process and play with different versions. Remember that your child’s daydreaming, make-believe adventures, and imaginary journeys could be the basis for future writing and storytelling.

Encourage and support your child’s efforts in writing:

• Writing can begin with storytelling and the understanding of the concepts of beginning, middle, and end. Use sequencing cards to encourage order and plot. Have your child make up a story with a beginning, middle, and end. Record your child’s thoughts in his or her own words. Then re-read the story and make changes suggested by your child—an introduction to the process of editing. Have your child add illustrations to the text to help tell the story, creating a simple picture book.
• Build on your child’s interests. Select a favorite book and then borrow or purchase other books by the same author. Help your child explore the idea of being an author or illustrator. If Eric Carle is a favorite, ask your child, “What can we learn about Eric Carle by reading his books?” “Why do you think he chose to write about animals, bugs, and butterflies?”
• Encourage your child to think as an author and ponder what it would be like to be a writer.
• Journal writing is a wonderful early step. Buy a journal with plain pages and encourage your child to fill it with words and
  pictures. Have your child “read” his or her stories after writing. Even though a very young child may not be able to write a single recognizable word, it is important that he or she begins to associate written marks with the spoken word as a means of communicating ideas to other people.

Encouraging your child to write is a delicate matter. Many children react to pressure by withdrawing, in this instance, avoiding writing because they are afraid of making mistakes such as spelling errors. Adults can reassure children by relaxing rules of grammar and spelling and stressing plot, characters, and settings. Children will write a lot only if they enjoy it!

Some children in elementary school eagerly pick up pencil and paper to create stories and poems. For these children, it is probably best not to meddle. Children will spend more time writing if they feel that it is really their own. If they do ask for help, or you see that they are running out of inspiration, here are a few ideas you could try:

• Riddles. Ask your child to describe something without revealing what the thing is. For example: “I have four legs but I don’t walk. What am I?” (A chair.) Writing riddles improves children’s ability to describe accurately.
• First sentences. Help your child start a story by providing a first sentence that sets up a strange or intriguing situation. For example: “When we reached the mountaintop, we found a rope hanging from the sky.”
• Photostories. Suggest that children flip through a magazine until they find an interesting photograph. Then, have them write a story that describes what happened before, during, and after the photograph was taken. This idea also works well with paintings and family photographs, particularly if they are about unfamiliar people or places.
• Poetry. Poetry has many of the verbal elements children love—rhyme, rhythm, alliteration. Pick a subject—a person, an
  animal—and compose a poem together, letting your child make the rhymes, similes, and verse length.

Inventive Spelling

As young children begin to experiment with writing, there is little resemblance between their work and the basic standards that frame formal writing—spelling, grammar, and punctuation. While there are different perspectives about the use of these standards, there is general consensus that early writing should be about the process of expressing ideas rather than an emphasis on the rules associated with these standards. Inventive spelling is the term used for early writing where children apply basic knowledge of letter sounds and words from memory to represent their ideas through symbols.

This approach gives children the freedom to concentrate on the ideas, an important aspect of writing. As children mature and writing is acknowledged as a means of communication, it is important to help your child explore and understand the associated standards. It is helpful to emphasize that rules or standards increase everyone’s ability to be able to read the same written words.

Supporting Young Writers

Your response to your child’s writing is crucial. When you take pride in your child’s efforts and accomplishments as a writer, your child will also do the same. A positive experience sets the tone for future efforts and often leads to a desire to continue writing.

For the beginning writer, early attempts should be acknowledged simply for the effort. Showing genuine interest in a child’s writing is one of the most productive ways of encouraging young writers. As children develop more sophisticated skills, ask them to talk about their writing and consider alternatives within their storyline. Encourage the child to rethink ideas and descriptions. “What other words can you use to describe the game that the boys are playing in your story?” “Do you think that adding interesting words will help me to imagine what’s happening?”

For six- to eight-year-olds, editing and revising should be taught not as criticism but as additions to the writing process. Children’s initial efforts as writers focus primarily on expressing ideas on paper. As children begin to think about their work in terms of communicating with others, new skills such as editing and revising should be introduced. A good writer ultimately has to be able to express ideas in thoughtful and creative ways, and meet the standards of writing so that others can enjoy the work.

Educational Programs for Nurturing Young Writers 

Preschoolers and kindergartners can gain valuable experience from programs that emphasize the world of writing. When preschools and libraries invite professional writers and poets to share their love of writing, young children learn about the process of writing that ultimately contributes to the necessary skills of the trade. This personal interaction often encourages inquiry about the author’s approach to telling a story or about the selection of topics. Look for such encounters for your child that will build a strong foundation for more formal writing of the future.

For elementary students, writing instruction should be lively, engaging, and supportive. It is important to recognize the different talents and styles of children and to provide a mix of approaches and forms of writing. Every child should be given an opportunity to write poetry as well as stories or book reports. Exercises in grammar should be complemented by imaginative assignments. Topics should range from nature to history to personal experience.

Writing programs outside of school should be reserved for older children. Some schools offer writing as part of after-school programs. These can be a wonderful opportunity for your child to hone his or her writing skills, but make sure the program sparks your child’s natural interests and abilities and makes the process engaging!

Resources

Children's Books

On the Wing: Bird Poems and Paintings by Douglas Florian
The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss
Nathaniel Talking by Eloise Greenfield

Web Sites

Teachers and Writers Collaborative
www.twc.org
Teachers and Writers Collaborative was founded by a group of writers and educators in 1967 to send writers into schools and to publish and distribute materials about teaching writing. T&W writers work with children and teachers, giving them an understanding and appreciation of literary traditions and a sense of the methods and motives of writers. T&W houses the Center for Imaginative Writing, a resource library and meeting place.

The Horn Book Parents' Page
www.hbook.com/parents
This Web site provides lists of recommended books for children of all ages. Parents can print out a comprehensive list of classic and recent books to take with them to the library or bookstore.

Children's Book Council

www.cbcbooks.org
The Children’s Book Council (CBC) is a nonprofit trade organization dedicated to encouraging literacy and the use and enjoyment of children’s books. The Web site provides information on children’s books authors and illustrators
categorized by age groups and other resources.