Strengthening Your Child’s Home Study skills (page 3)

Success in school requires children to use good study skills. Effective studying requires many different skills. While many study skills are taught and monitored at school, success in school will require the use of these skills outside of school hours, for example, when completing homework and studying for tests. Parents can play an important role in helping their children develop good study habits and skills. The ideas described below are specific strategies and techniques parents can use to strengthen their children’s home study skills. This handout focuses on three important aspects of effective studying: organization, study strategies, and motivation.

Organization

Study Environment

Find a Good Study Place: One of the most basic habits you can teach your child is to study in one place. Help your child choose a particular location that she can use each time she studies. An effective workplace is one that has adequate space to spread out, is well lit, has the needed supplies close at hand (see list to right), and is relatively free from distractions.

Limit Distractions: Observations and surveys of children and adolescents have shown that they frequently choose to study while listening to a radio or watching television. Should this practice be discouraged? Based on studies in this area, the answer appears to be “it depends.”

Audio and visual distractions will tend to interfere more with difficult assignments than with easy and routine assignments. In addition, meaningful background sounds, such as TV, speech, and vocal music, tend to be more distracting than instrumental music or other nonvocal background noise. As a general rule, you should try and control and limit meaningful distractions, such as telephone, TV, vocal music, and interruptions from others during study time, particularly during difficult tasks. Do not worry as much about nonvocal background noise during easy and routine assignments, if your child is completing his work.

Time Management

Monitor How Much Time Your Child Is Spending in Study:
Your child will need to study at home for two primary reasons: to complete homework assignments and to study for tests. The trend in education since the early 1980’s has been for schools to assign greater amounts of homework. This is due primarily to the declining test scores of American students and the research that shows that homework can improve learning.

National surveys of school districts, teachers, and students indicate that the majority of school districts and teachers assign homework, and the majority of students report doing it. Based on these surveys of students and teachers from across the country, you should expect your child to have some homework to do each week. You should expect the number of nights and the amount of homework to increase as your child progresses from elementary to high school (see table below). If your child is spending more or less time than is expected on homework, check with your child and the teacher to find out why.

In addition to homework, your child may need to study for tests at home, particularly if her test grades are not as high as they could be. Studying for tests may involve rereading, reviewing, outlining, making and reviewing study cards, and studying class notes. How much time your child should spend studying for tests will depend on how much material there is to learn. Studies in human learning indicate that as the units of information to learn increase, the amount of time needed to learn each unit also increases (see figure below). For example, if it takes a child 10 minutes to learn one section of a chapter, it may take the child 30 minutes to learn two sections of a chapter. As a general rule, the more material there is to learn, the more time it will take to learn each unit of that material.

Each child needs to determine how much time is typically needed to learn a section of material, plan enough time into her schedule, and use the study skills discussed below.

Help Your Child Develop a Daily and Weekly Schedule: One of the benefits of studying is that it can help children develop their skills in organizing and managing their time. In order for studying to not interfere with important social and recreational activities, your child will need to learn to plan ahead. Teach your child how to make both daily and weekly schedules for his activities (see figure below). On a daily basis, have your child decide what needs to be done that day and when to do it. This should include a listing of all homework assignments and other activities and responsibilities. It is often a good idea to decide ahead of time on the order of homework assignments, sandwiching the harder assignments in between the easier assignments. At the beginning of the week, it is helpful to list out all the activities for the coming week. This will help your child plan. For example, if your child has a Social Studies test on Wednesday and he needs three days to study for it, he can plan on bringing his Social Studies book home Sunday, Monday and Tuesday nights.

Study Strategies

In this section, we will review some principles and strategies that will help you teach your child effective study skills. First, we will examine three principles of learning that will help you understand how learning and forgetting take place. Next, we will review three general and three specific study strategies that can lead to effective learning.

Three Principles of Learning

A common problem children experience is that they seem to know the material the night before a test, only to find that they cannot remember some of the material at the time of the test. The reason for this has to do with how learning and forgetting occur. You can help your child develop a good study strategy by using three principles that research has shown are important in learning: repetition, overlearning, and meaningfulness.

Repetition. When information is first presented to a person it is stored in her short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold information for only about 20 seconds. For information to stay in short-term memory longer than this it must be repeated or practiced. In addition, short-term memory can only hold from 5 to 9 units of information at one time. In order for learning to take place, information needs to move from short-term memory into long-term memory. Long-term memory can hold an almost infinite amount of information for an unlimited period of time. Information is moved from short-term to long-term memory by repetition and practice over time.

As can be seen in the figure at the right, the passing of time has a negative effect on memory. The longer the time from learning to testing, the less material is remembered. In addition, forgetting is rapid immediately after the study period. After one day, most forgetting has occurred. The amount of material that is remembered will depend on how many times the material is studied. For example, if a child reads a chapter for the first time, one day later the child may only be able to remember about 40% of the material. However, if the child reviews the material several times over several days, the child may be able to remember 85% or more of the material.

Overlearning. This principle states that additional study after the material has been learned will increase the performance when tested at a later time. For example, if your child studied some new material and was able to perfectly remember it at the end of the study time, the next day he will likely only be able to remember about 40% of the material. However, if he studied an additional 20 minutes after he knew the material perfectly, he may remember 80% of the material the next day. This means that if your child spends additional time studying after he knows the material, he will have to study less the next day to perfectly learn the material and he will perform better when tested later.

Meaningfulness. Research has shown that material that is meaningful and is able to be related to other ideas and information is remembered easier than material that is less meaningful and unrelated to other ideas and information. For example, your child is more likely to remember that Mammoth Cave in Kentucky is a tourist site in the southeast region of the United States if he sees a picture of how large the cave is, learns that it has an underground river, and that it is one of the only places that has eyeless fish. Recall will likely be easier because these several pieces of information are all related in a meaningful way. Thinking of eyeless fish can lead to thinking of underground rivers, pictures of caves, Mammoth Cave, tourist sites, and Kentucky. Since the original information was meaningfully related to other information, your child will likely have an easier time recalling it during a test than if she just tried to remember that Mammoth Cave is a tourist site in the southeast region.

Based on these three principles of learning, three general and three specific learning strategies are recommended below.

Praise Efforts

Praise Often. Parents should make a special effort to give their children frequent praise for the effort that they put into their studies and for using effective study skills. A general rule for using praise: do it often, do it immediately, and do it powerfully.
A powerful praise is one that is given in a warm tone of voice and includes a statement letting the child know what it is you are please with.

“I really like how you worked hard on your homework tonight! And you did it all by yourself! I am very proud of you!”

Be Positive and Encouraging. Your general approach with your child around studying should be positive. Avoid using criticism or punishment to try to get your child to study, these strategies will work against what you are trying to accomplish in the long run. You want your child to approach new challenges with confidence in his abilities, to have a feeling that he has control over his learning, and to be proud of his accomplishments. These goals are accomplished through being supportive and encouraging over time. When problems arise, your job should be to understand the problem and come up with solutions.

Frequent praise that is related directly to children’s effort and independence can produce in them positive emotions, confidence, and an increased sense of control over learning. When this happens, children are likely to independently put forth effort and persist at new learning challenges.

Tangible Rewards
Tangible rewards can be used to help motivate children who are having some difficulty with motivation to study. A convenient method to manage tangible rewards is the use of a behavior chart.

Setting Up a Behavior Chart

• Define what behavior you would like to see. The behavior should be specific, clear, simple, and positively stated. For example, "Bringing home your assignments and books” or “Completing all your homework on time.”
• Initially reward a reasonable goal. Do not set your expectations so high that your child cannot achieve the goal. The goal should represent an improvement, not perfection. If the goal is set too high, the child may give up before getting a chance to be rewarded. The goal can be gradually increased as the child begins to improve.
• Make a chart by simply listing each day of the week and leaving room for marks, stickers, or stars to be placed under each day.
• Create a "menu" of daily and weekly rewards. It also may be necessary to change the rewards frequently so that the child will keep interested.
• Provide daily and weekly rewards for goals met. Be sure to consistently provide the promised rewards when your child achieves her daily and weekly goals.