Your Child's Weight

Growth and Puberty

Not everyone grows and develops on the same schedule. During puberty, the body begins making hormones that spark physical changes like breast development in girls and testicular enlargement in boys and spurts in height and weight gain in both boys and girls. Once these changes start, they continue for several years. The average person can expect to grow as much as 10 inches (25 centimeters) during puberty before reaching full adult height.

Most kids gain weight more rapidly during this time as the amounts of muscle, fat, and bone in their bodies change. All that new weight gain can be perfectly fine — as long as body fat, muscle, and bone are in the right proportion.

Because some kids start developing as early as age 8 and some not until age 14, it can be normal for two kids who are the same gender, height, and age to have very different weights.

It can feel quite strange for kids to adjust to suddenly feeling heavier or taller. So it's perfectly normal for a child to feel self-conscious about weight during adolescence — a lot of kids do.

Figuring Out Fat Using BMI

Experts have developed a way to help figure out if someone is in the healthy weight range for his or her height. It's called the body mass index, or BMI. BMI is a formula that doctors use to estimate how much body fat a person has based on his or her weight and height.

The BMI formula uses height and weight measurements to calculate a BMI number. Though the formula is the same for adults and children, figuring out what the BMI number means is a little more complicated for kids.

For kids, BMI is plotted on a growth chart that uses percentile lines to tell whether a child is underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. Different BMI charts are used for boys and girls under the age of 20 because the amount of body fat differs between boys and girls and body fat changes as kids grow.

Each BMI chart is divided into percentiles. A child whose BMI is equal to or greater than the 5th percentile and less than the 85th percentile is considered a healthy weight for his or her age. A child at or above the 85th percentile but less than the 95th percentile for age is considered overweight. A child at or above the 95th percentile is considered obese. A child below the 5th percentile is considered underweight.

Before you measure your child's BMI, you'll need an accurate height and weight measurement. Bathroom scales and tape measures aren't always precise. So the best way to get accurate measurements is by having kids weighed and measured at a doctor's office or at school.

What Does BMI Tell Us?

You can calculate BMI on your own, but consider asking your doctor to help you figure out what it means. Doctors do more than just use BMI to assess a child's current weight. They also take into account where a child is during puberty and use BMI results from past years to track whether that child may be at risk for becoming overweight. Spotting this risk early on can be helpful because changes can be made before developing a weight problem.

Kids are developing weight-related health problems previously seen only in adults. Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure are now commonly seen in overweight and obese kids and teens. They're also more likely to be overweight as adults. And adults who are overweight may develop other serious health conditions, such as heart disease.

Although BMI can be a good indicator of body fat, it doesn't always tell the full story. Someone with a large frame or a lot of muscle instead of excess fat (like a bodybuilder or athlete) can have a high BMI. Likewise, a small person with a small frame may have a normal BMI but could still have too much body fat. These are other good reasons to talk about your BMI with your doctor.

When Kids Are Overweight or Underweight

If you think your child has gained too much weight or is too thin, a doctor should help you decide whether your child really has a weight problem. Your doctor has measured your child's height and weight over time and knows whether growth is proceeding normally.

If concerned about your child's height, weight, or BMI, the doctor may ask questions about your child's health, level of physical activity, and eating habits, as well as your family medical history. The doctor can put all this information together to determine whether there's a weight or growth problem.

If your doctor thinks your child's weight isn't in the healthy range, you will probably get specific dietary and exercise recommendations. It's important to follow a doctor's or dietitian's plan that's designed for your child. For kids and teens, significantly restricting calories or following fad diets or starvation plans can deprive them of the nutrients their growing bodies need and may actually slow down growth and sexual development.

What if your child is worried about being too skinny? Most kids who weigh less than others their age are just fine. They may go through puberty on a different schedule than some of their peers, and their bodies may grow and change at a different rate. Most underweight teens catch up in weight as they finish puberty during their later teen years, and there's rarely a need to try to gain weight.

In a few cases, kids and teens can be underweight because of a health problem that needs treatment. If your child feels tired or ill a lot, or has symptoms like a cough, stomachache, diarrhea, or other problems that have lasted for more than a week or two, talk with your doctor. Some kids and teens are underweight because of eating disorders, like anorexia or bulimia, that require attention.

The Role of Genes

Heredity plays a role in a person's body shape and weight. People from different races, ethnic groups, and nationalities tend to have different body fat distribution (meaning they accumulate fat in different parts of their bodies) or body composition (amounts of bone and muscle versus fat). But genes are not destiny — kids can reach and keep a healthy weight by eating right and being active.

Genes aren't the only things that family members may share. It's also true that unhealthy eating habits can be passed down. The eating and exercise habits of people in the same household probably have an even greater effect than genes on someone's risk of becoming overweight.

If your family eats a lot of high-calorie foods or snacks or doesn't get much exercise, your kids may tend to do the same. The good news is these habits can be changed for the better. Even small changes, like cutting back on sugary drinks and going for a walk after dinner, can add up to make a real difference.

So remember, it's not a specific number on the scale that's important. It's making sure that kids stay healthy — inside and out.

Reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD
Date reviewed: February 2009