Children’s physical growth may be affected by the genetic history of their parents as well as by how well families provide proper nutrition, medical care, and safe and stable homes for their children. Homeless children, for example, have been found to suffer from high levels of stress that ultimately affect their health and school performance (Parrish, 2004). Similarly, exposing children to violence in the home may affect neurological development by modifying children’s arousal levels and ability to react appropriately to stress, elevating levels of neurotransmitters and hormones that affect growth and the timing of puberty, especially in girls, and negatively impacting cognitive development and academic achievement (El-Sheikh, Harger, & Whitson, 2001; Margolin & Gordis, 2000).
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