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A First Language: Toddler Talk - Early Intentions/ Illocutionary Functions

By R.E. Owens, Jr.
Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall
Updated on Jul 20, 2010

Six pragmatic categories describe the general purposes of language: control, representation, expressive, social, tutorial, and procedural (Wells, 1985). This table illustrates the relationship of Primitive Speech Acts to later intentions and offers examples of each.

Broad Pragmatic Categories (Wells, 1985) Primitive Speech Acts (PSAs) (Dore, 1974) Early Verbal Intentions (Owens, 1978; Wells, 1985) Examples
Control

Requesting action

Protesting

  • Wanting demands
  • Direct request/commanding
  • Protesting
  • Cookie (Reach)
  • Help (Hand object to or struggle)
  • No (Push away or uncooperative)
Representational

Requesting answer

Labeling

Answering

  • Content questioning
  • Naming/labeling
  • Statement/declaring
  • Answering
  • Reply
  • Wassat? (Point)
  • Doggie (Point)
  • Eat (Commenting on dog barking)
  • Horsie (in response to question)
  • Eat (in response to "The doggie's hungry")
Expressive  
  • Exclaiming
  • Verbal accompaniment to action
  • Expressing state or attitute
  • Squeal when picked up
  • Uh-oh (With spill)
  • Tired
Social
  • Greetings
  • Greeting/farewell
  • Hi
  • Bye-bye
Tutorial
  • Repeating/practicing
  • Repeating/practicing
  • Cookie, cookie, cookie
Procedural
  • Calling
  • Calling
  • Mommy

*This table represents a combination of the work of several researchers and an attempt to remain true to the intended purposes of child speech.

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