Articulation
- Has difficulty pronouncing sounds correctly (at and after the developmentally appropriate age). Frequent articulation errors include f, v, k, g, r, 1,5, Z, sh, ch, and j. Sounds may be distorted or omitted, or one sound may be inappropriately substituted for another.
- Speech may be slurred.
Voice
- Speech is excessively hoarse.
- May use excessive volume or too little volume.
- Speech has too much nasality.
- Speech lacks inflection.
Fluency
- Stutters when speaking.
- May have excessively slow rate of speech.
- May exhibit uneven, jerky rate of speech.
Sources: Adapting Instruction in General Education for Students with Communication Disorders, by D. Barad, 1985, unpublished manuscript, De Kalb: Northern Illinois University; and Introduction to Communication Disorders (3rd ed.), by R. Owens, D. Metz, and A. Haas, 2007, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Excerpted From:
Excerpt from Including Students With Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Classroom Teachers, by M. Friend, W.D. Bursuck, 2009 edition, p. 244.
© ______ 2009, Merrill, an imprint of Pearson Education Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. The reproduction, duplication, or distribution of this material by any means including but not limited to email and blogs is strictly prohibited without the explicit permission of the publisher.
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