Trigonometry Review for Calculus Help (page 2)

Example 1

You Try It: The cosine of a certain angle is 2/3. The angle lies in the fourth quadrant. What is the sine of the angle?

Math Note: Notice that if θ is an angle then θ and θ + 2π have the same terminal radius and the same terminal point (for adding 2 just adds one more trip around the circle—look at Fig. 1.34).

As a result,

sin θ = x = sin( θ + 2π)

and

cos θ = y = cos( θ + 2π).

Fig. 1.34

Associated Principle Angle

We say that the sine and cosine functions have period 2π: the functions repeat themselves every 2π units.

In practice, when we calculate the trigonometric functions of an angle θ , we reduce it by multiples of 2π so that we can consider an equivalent angle θ′ , called the associated principal angle, satisfying 0 ≤ θ′ < 2π. For instance,

15π/2 has associated principal angle

3π/2 (since 15π/2 − 3π/2 = 3·2π )

and

− 10π/3 has associated principal angle

2π/3 (since − 10π/3 − 2π/3 = − 12π/3 = −2 ·2π ).

You Try It: What are the principal angles associated with 7π, 11π/2, 8π/3, −14π/5, −16π/7?

Sine, Cosine, and Right Triangle Trigonometry

What does the concept of angle and sine and cosine that we have presented here have to do with the classical notion using triangles? Notice that any angle θ such that 0 ≤ θ < π/2 has associated to it a right triangle in the first quadrant, with vertex on the unit circle, such that the base is the segment connecting (0, 0) to ( x , 0) and the height is the segment connecting ( x , 0) to ( x , y ). See Fig. 1.35.

Fig. 1.35

Then

and

Thus, for angles θ between 0 and π/2, the new definition of sine and cosine using the unit circle is clearly equivalent to the classical definition using adjacent and opposite sides and the hypotenuse. For other angles θ , the classical approach is to reduce to this special case by subtracting multiples of π/2. Our approach using the unit circle is considerably clearer because it makes the signatures of sine and cosine obvious.

Tangent, Cotangent, Secant, and Cosecant

Besides sine and cosine, there are four other trigonometric functions:

Whereas sine and cosine have domain the entire real line, we notice that tan θ and sec θ are undefined at odd multiples of π/2 (because cosine will vanish there) and cot θ and csc θ are undefined at even multiples of π/2 (because sine will vanish there). The graphs of the six trigonometric functions are shown in Fig. 1.36.

Fig. 1.36(a) Graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x .

Fig. 1.36(b) Graphs of y = tan x and y = cot x .

Fig. 1.36(c) Graphs of y = sec x and y = csc x .

Example 1

Similar calculations allow us to complete the following table for the values of the trigonometric functions at the principal angles which are multiples of π/6 or π/4.

Fundamental Properties for Trigonometry Functions

(1) For any number θ ,

(sin θ ) ² + (cos θ ) ² = 1.

(2) For any number θ ,

−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1.

Besides properties (1) and (2) above, there are certain identities which are fundamental to our study of the trigonometric functions. Here are the principal ones:

Example 1

You Try It:  Use identities (11) and (12) to calculate cos(π/12) and sin(π/12).

Find practice problems and solutions for these concepts at: Calculus Basics Practice Test.