What We Know About Bullying (page 2)

What is bullying?

Bullying is aggressive behavior that is intentional and that involves an imbalance of power or strength. Typically, it is repeated over time. A child who is being bullied has a hard time defending himself or herself.

Bullying can take many forms, such as hitting or punching (physical bullying); teasing or namecalling (verbal bullying); intimidation using gestures or social exclusion (nonverbal bullying or emotional bullying); and sending insulting messages by e-mail (cyberbullying).

Prevalence of bullying:

• Studies show that between 15–25 percent of U.S. students are bullied with some frequency ("sometimes or more often") while 15–20 percent report that they bully others with some frequency (Melton et al., 1998; Nansel et al., 2001).
• Recent statistics show that although school violence has declined 4 percent during the past several years, the incidence of behaviors such as bullying has increased by 5 percent between 1999 and 2001 (U.S. Dept. of Ed., 2002).
• Bullying has been identified as a major concern by schools across the U.S. (NEA³, 2003)
• In surveys of third through eighth graders in 14 Massachusetts schools, nearly half who had been frequently bullied reported that the bullying had lasted six months or longer (Mullin-Rindler, 2003).
• Research indicates that children with disabilities or special needs may be at a higher risk of being bullied than other children (see Rigby, 2002, for review).

Bullying and gender:

• By self-report, boys are more likely than girls to bully others (Nansel et al., 2001; Banks 1997).
• Girls frequently report being bullied by both boys and girls, but boys report that they are most often bullied only by other boys (Melton et al., 1998; Olweus, 1993).
• Verbal bullying is the most frequent form of bullying experienced by both boys and girls. Boys are more likely to be physically bullied by their peers (Olweus, 1993; Nansel et al., 2001); girls are more likely to report being targets of rumor spreading and sexual comments (Nansel et al., 2001). Girls are more more likely to bully each other using social exclusion (Olweus, 2002).
• Use of derogatory speculation about sexual orientation is so common that many parents do not think of telling their children that it could be hurtful (NEA

References

Ahmad, Y. & Smith, P. K. (1994). Bullying in schools and the issue of sex differences. In Male violence, J. Archer (Ed.). NY: Rutledge.

Banks, R. (1997). Bullying in schools (ERIC Report No. EDO-PS-97-170.) University of Illinois Champaign, Ill.

Limber, S. P. (2002). Addressing youth bullying behaviors. Proceedings from the American Medical Association Educational Forum on Adolescent Health: Youth Bullying. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/39/youthbullying.pdf.

Melton, G. B.. Limber, S. Flerx, V. Cunningham, P., Osgood, D.W., Chambers, J., Henggler, S., & Nation, M. (1998). Violence among rural youth. Final report to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Mullin-Rindler, N. (2003). Findings from the Massachusetts Bullying Prevention Initiative. Unpublished manuscript.Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Haynie, D. L., Ruan, W. J., & Scheidt, P. C. (2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348-353.

Nansel, T. Overpeck, M., Pilla, R.S., Ruan, W.J., Simmons-Morton, B. Schmidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth. Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.

National Education Association. (1995). Youth risk behavior survey data results. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.nea.orgs.

National Education Association1. (2003). National bullying awareness campaign. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.neaorg/schoolsafety/bullying.html.

National Education Association2. (2003). Parents role in bullying prevention and intervention. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.nea.org/schoolsafety/bullyingparentsrole.html.

National Education Association3. (2003). School safety facts. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.nea.org/ schoolsafety/ssfacts.html.

National Education Association4. (2003). Youth violence intervention and prevention. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.nasponline.org/advocacy/youth_violence.html.

NEA Today. (1999). Easing the strain of students’ stress. Departments: Health. September 1999. NEA Washington, DC Retrieved August 12, 2005, from www.nea.org/neatoday/9909/health.html.

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Inc.

Olweus, D. (February 23, 2002). Personal communication.

Rigby, K. (2002). New perspectives on bullying. London: Jessica Kinglsey Publications.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The continuation of education 2002, NCES 2002-025, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002.