Aggression and Cyberbullying: An International Comparison

As can be seen with the two scenarios, cyberbullying can possibly occur with both proactive and reactive aggression. The question is whether one type of aggression is more prevalent in cyberbullying and whether the type of aggression is influenced by culture or if it is more universal in application.

Our research study sought to answer these questions by asking several hundred middle school students from the United States and Singapore questions regarding proactive and reactive aggression and cyberbullying behaviors. What we found in the two samples were:

• In the United States, 17.9% of the students were involved in cyberbullying with 16.8%
• being classified as infrequent cyberbullies and 1.1% classified as frequent cyberbullies.
• In Singapore, 16.4% of the students were involved in cyberbullying with 15.1% classified as infrequent cyberbullies and 1.3% classified as frequent bullies.
• For cyberbullies in the United States, the use of proactive aggression in general was a significant predictor of cyberbullying while the use of reactive aggression in general was not a good predictor of cyberbullying.
• For cyberbullies in Singapore there were similar findings as those in the United States where the use of proactive aggression in general was a significant predictor of cyberbullying while the use of reactive aggression in general was not a good predictor of cyberbullying.

Our findings indicated that there is a strong relationship between proactive aggression and cyberbullying across two different cultures. This hints at a possible universal aspect of cyberbullying where cyberbullies tend to use aggression for a goal rather than to use cyberbullying for defense.

Dan Florell, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in school psychology at Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, KY. His research interests focus on developmental issues in adolescence regarding factors that influence cyberbullying, bullying on the bus, and professional issues in school psychology. He can be contacted by e-mail at dan.florell@eku.edu, and more information about his research can be found at http://people.eku.edu/florelld/research.php.

Rebecca P. Ang, Ph.D. is an associate professor at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Her research interests revolve around developmental psychopathology including child/adolescent aggression and bullying, and related interventions. She can be contacted by email at rpang@ntu.edu.sg.