Technology Support: Calculators (page 2)

Requirements for calculator use on district or state-level tests vary considerably, with some tests requiring calculators, some permitting calculator use, and some prohibiting their use. The SAT allows calculator use and recent studies indicated that students using graphing calculators performed better that those using less sophisticated versions, but these results may be due to those students taking more advanced mathematics classes that require graphing calculators (see, for example, Wendler, Zeller, & Allspach, 2003). Other studies of student achievement also indicate that calculator use is more prevalent among white, middle-class students and this difference in technology use contributes to the achievement gaps associated with race and SES (Lubienski & Shelley, 2003).

Teachers cannot simply hand out calculators and expect students to use them effectively and efficiently. The type of calculator needed for the mathematics application should be considered. Elementary students typically are introduced to the four-function calculator in first grade, but many students will have already had calculator experiences at home. This type of calculator is limited to numbers expressed in decimal form and the four arithmetic operations. By middle school, calculators with more advanced functions are needed (e.g., square roots, percent, fractions, and statistics). High school students should learn to use graphing calculators for algebraic, trigometric, statistical, and other pre-calculus applications.

Calculators are more difficult to learn than computers due to the limits of on-screen icons and prompts, so explicit and guided instruction on a common model is recommended, especially for students with learning problems. Teachers should demonstrate calculator use through modeling (overhead projector versions) and think alouds. Students’ initial use should be guided with corrective feedback. Instruction may need to begin with locating each key and learning the effects of each function (e.g., pressing the key followed by a number and the will add to my previous amount).

Teachers should also emphasize questions to prompt accurate use. For example, “the problem states that we should find the average height of five students with heights of and . How can we use the calculator to assist us with this problem? My first question is about the form of the data—can my calculator add feet and inches? My next question is procedural—how do we compute averages on a calculator?” Students with learning problems may need other accommodations, such as larger keys and display screens, paper printouts for monitoring inputs and outputs, or prompting sheets with step-by-step directions for entering specific types of equations or creating graphs. Calculators may actually make advanced mathematics concepts accessible for more students, minimizing the number crunching and tedium of long or multi-step computations.